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Head and Neck Cancer

Head and neck cancers are a group of cancers that develop in the mouth, throat, voice box, nose, sinuses, salivary glands, or nearby areas. Tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and HPV infection are common risk factors.

Common Symptoms

Symptoms may vary depending on the location of the cancer, but commonly include:

  • Persistent sore throat
  • Difficulty swallowing
  • Hoarseness or voice changes
  • Lump in the neck
  • Mouth ulcers that do not heal
  • Ear pain
  • Nasal blockage or bleeding
  • Unexplained weight loss
  • Swelling or pain in the jaw

Diagnosis

Doctors may use several tests to diagnose head and neck cancers:

  • Physical examination
  • Endoscopy
  • Biopsy of suspicious tissue
  • CT scan or MRI
  • PET scan
  • Blood tests
  • HPV testing in certain cases

Treatments

Treatment depends on the type, stage, and location of the cancer:

  • Surgery
  • Chemotherapy
  • Radiation therapy
  • Targeted therapy
  • Immunotherapy
  • Rehabilitation therapies such as speech and swallowing therapy